Information Processing

Information retrieval is differentiated into recall (reproducing information from memory) and recognition (information has been seen before and is recognized by means of memory; Dörner and Selg 170-176). Dix et al. emphasize that recall can be made easier by providing retrieval cues such as categories and visualized information (34).
Dix et al. define problem-solving as the process of finding a solution to an unfamiliar task, using the knowledge we have (38). In Norman's approach, the user's attempts at problem-solving depend on the conceptual models (see Figure 2). While the designer expects that his design model is identical to the user's model, the user communicates through the system image. If the latter is not identical to the design model, the communication fails (Norman 16).
Another approach is the GOMS model (Goals, Operators, Methods and Selection rules) by Card, Moran, and Newell. Goals and subgoals are formulated by the user, which are achieved by methods and procedures for accomplishing each goal and subgoal. The user chooses between the methods according to the selection rules. The operators are elementary perceptual, motor, or cognitive acts, whose execution is necessary to change any aspect of the user's mental state or to affect the task environment (Dix et al. 144).

 

Figure 2: Conceptual Models; Source: Norman 16